Guild Composition and Niche Overlap of Insectivorous Birds in Evergreen Rainforest

A guild is a group of species that have similar requirements of resource and foraging behavior. The knowledge of insectivorous guild could explain foraging patterns, niche exploitation, and competition in a tropical forest. This information could help to monitor the forest by understanding the guild composition and their response to the habitat condition. In order to describe the guild composition and niche overlap of insectivorous birds, we observed all of the individual birds found foraging in the evergreen forest, Baluran National Park. Bray-Curtis similarity index and Pianka niche overlap index were used to analyze the data and grouping the birds into a guild. The cluster analysis consists of 27 bird species revealed 4 guilds: ground gleaner, foliage gleaner, aerial sallier, and bark prober. Based on species richness, foliage gleaner dominates the other groups while bark prober had the least species richness in the evergreen forest. The scarcities of feeding substrate affect guild existence and proved that the diversity of habitat substrate could affect the diversity of guild in an area. Ten congeneric species were found in this habitat and most of them are grouped into foliage gleaner. The junglefowl has the highest niche overlap than any other congeneric species. It seemed that the more specific the foraging substrate niche, the higher the competition among sympatric species. The level of congeneric/sympatric species competition could become the indicator to monitor a specific habitat or forest by understanding their niche partitioning, especially if the species is protected by the law.&nbsp

Response of Bird Community to Various Plantation Forests in Gunung Walat, West Java, Indonesia

Different plantation forests possibly harbor different bird communities. This study was aimed to reveal responses of bird community to the different plantation (Schima wallichii, Agathis loranthifolia, Pinus merkusii, and mixed plantation), identify species shared in all plantation, and species confined to a particular plantation. The study site was plantation forests, using the point count method for 64 effective hours. There were 40 bird species (maximum prediction 52) in all forest plantations and each type had 26–31 species. Number of individuals, species density, and diversity index in Schima plantation were higher, followed by Agathis, Pinus, and mixed plantations. Mixed plantation could have harbored more species based on the prediction by Chao. Although there were some differences in tree species, tree sizes, and tree heights, the response of bird composition in all plantations was not differed (93–81% similarity) probably because of the short distances among the forests, the abundance of food insects, and the same late-successional stages. There were 15 (37.5%) widely distributed species in all forest types. Eight species were confined only to a specific forest type. Four species were considered true confined species, namely Javan sunbird (Schima forest), Grey-cheeked bulbul (in Pinus), Crescent-chested babbler (Agathis), and Mountain white-eye (Agathis)

HABITAT DISTRIBUTION MODELS OF FLORES HAWK-EAGLE (Nisaetus floris) IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA

Flores hawk-eagle (Nisaetus floris) was a Critically Endangered endemic raptor species in Lesser Sunda Region, especially in East Nusa Tenggara. The lack of information and difficulties in reaching the Flores hawk-eagle's distribution area have caused difficulties in conservation efforts for this species. One of the efforts that could be made was by spatial modeling distribution of Flores hawk-eagle habitat in East Nusa Tenggara based on GIS. Using habitat distribution spatial modeling could predict the potential place where a species can live. Logistic regression was one of the methods applied in animal distribution spatial modeling, where this method was considered to have better accuracy. Through the analysis, it was found that the potential habitat for Flores hawk-eagle was 6390.48 km2 (22%), and the non-potential habitat was 22,459.59 km 2 (78%). The habitat factors that determine the distribution of the Flores hawk-eagle include slope, altitude, rice fields, plantation, forests, and shrubs. The availability of nesting trees and food for Flores Hawk-eagles may influence the distribution of existing habitats. The results of the distribution mapping of the Flores Hawk-eagle can be used as a reference in efforts to manage the habitat of the Flores hawk-eagle in East Nusa Tenggara.  Key words: Endemic Raptor, Habitat Modelling, Logistic Regression, Nisaetus floris,  Species Priorit

EFEKTIVITAS RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU SEBAGAI HABITAT BURUNG DI KOTA BOGOR DAN SEKITARNYA

Green open spaces can be potential habitats for birds in urban landscapes. Due to high number of land development, the green open spaces in urban landscapes tend to be small and scattered. Indeed, analysis about effectivity of green open spaces as bird habitats in Bogor City and its surroundings is needed. We investigated bird habitat patches on 14 locations in Bogor City and its surroundings. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of bird habitat patches for bird species richness using two variables (size and complexity). The data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that there were no significant differences between bird species richness and size of patches. Conversely, there were significant differences between bird species richness and complexity of patches. The Pearson Correlation revealed that there were high correlation between bird species richness and complexity of patches. Finally, we propose three recommendations of green open spaces as bird habitat patches in Bogor City and its surroundings, such as protecting and managing both small and large bird habitat patches, increasing number of vegetation strata and number of vegetation in some strata in small bird habitat patches, and increasing number of vegetation in some strata in large bird habitat patch with low bird speciess richness.Green open spaces can be potential habitats for birds in urban landscapes. Due to high number of land development, the green open spaces in urban landscapes tend to be small and scattered. Indeed, analysis about effectivity of green open spaces as bird habitats in Bogor City and its surroundings is needed. We investigated bird habitat patches on 14 locations in Bogor City and its surroundings. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of bird habitat patches for bird species richness using two variables (size and complexity). The data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that there were no significant differences between bird species richness and size of patches. Conversely, there were significant differences between bird species richness and complexity of patches. The Pearson Correlation revealed that there were high correlation between bird species richness and complexity of patches. Finally, we propose three recommendations of green open spaces as bird habitat patches in Bogor City and its surroundings, such as protecting and managing both small and large bird habitat patches, increasing number of vegetation strata and number of vegetation in some strata in small bird habitat patches, and increasing number of vegetation in some strata in large bird habitat patch with low bird speciess richness

MONITORING of Cacatua sulphurea abbotti POPULATION IN MASAKAMBING ISLAND, INDONESIA

The Critically Endangered Cacatua sulphurea abbotti is a unique subspecies of cockatoo, endemic to a single tiny Masakambing Island in Indonesia. Data procurement on the status and distribution of their wild population is necessarily urgent in order to determine the best conservation strategy for this species. Data were collected annually from 2008-2018 by a direct roost count method in a roosting tree. Only 10 cockatoos were recorded in 2008, but the number continually increased up to 22 birds in 2018 (42.86% increase in a decade). The population was distributed in about 71% of the total size of the island, concentrated in the north-western part with a density of 1.56 (~ 2 birds/km2) in 2008 which raised up to 3.44 (~ 3 birds/km2) in 2018. The zero trapping policy enforced by the local government was probably effective in preventing the population decline, although the population is still vulnerable due to nesting failure, presumably low genetic quality and habitat destruction.Â

PEMODELAN DISTRIBUSI KESESUAIAN HABITAT SINGGAH SIKEP MADU ASIA (Pernis ptilorhynchus) DI PULAU RUPAT BERDASARKAN DATA SATELLITE- TRACKING

Birds of prey are one of environmental changes indicators because of their position as top predator. Many of them are migratory species that migrate from northern hemisphere to southern hemisphere, and use Rupat Island (in Riau Province) as stopover habitat. One of them is Oriental Honey Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) whose satellite tracking information (from 2006-2009) are available. This study aimed at identifying distribution characteristics of stopover habitats of Oriental Honey-buzzard in Rupat Island based on satellite tracking data using geographic information system (GIS). Several environmental variables (i.e. slope, elevation, land cover) were processed into distance to the nearest map and analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The result showed that distribution of stopover habitats covered 1 276.67 km2 (87%) of totally Rupat Island (1 461.95 km2). This distribution was mostly influenced by food availability and thermal wind. Identification of these habitat characteristics provides a baseline data for managing their stopover habitats and ecologically-based development of Rupat Island. Keywords: Logistic Regretion, Pernis ptilorhynchus, Rupat Island, Sattelite-tracking, Stopover habitat characteristi

Komunitas Burung pada Pegunungan Bawah dan Sub-Pegunungan Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak

Bird diversity has been known to be affected by various factors, including elevational gradient. The objective of this study was to describe the bird community trend and its associated habitat conditions on lower mountain and sub-mountain areas. The study was conducted in September-October 2017 in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Bird data were collected using point count method. Data were analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener (H’) diversity index, Margalef’s richness index (DMg), and Bray-Curtis similarity index. Birds were grouped into guilds according to their major diet. There were 54 bird species (23 families) in both altitudes, of which 23 species were found in the lower altitude and 33 species were found in the higher altitude. Contrary to most studies elsewhere, the diversity and richness indices were significantly higher at the sub mountain (H’=2.85; DMg=5.96) than at lower mountain (H'=2.38; DMg=3.79). Insectivores were dominant in both altitudes, although similarity index was low (5%). Bird diversity was higher in the higher altitude due to habitat condition. Lower montain had a higher anthropogenic disturbance than the sub-mountain

Modeling the Wintering Habitat Distribution of Oriental Honey Buzzards in West Java Indonesia with Satellite Tracking Data Using Logistic Regression

Oriental honey buzzards (OHBs, Pernis ptilorhynchus) are one of migratory raptor from Japan to Indonesia which is widely recognized as indicator species reflecting the conditions of their habitat. Since 2003, OHBs have been satellite-tracked in their wintering grounds in Indonesia. Less information available on wintering areas in the west Java, which hampers the OHB conservation efforts. This paper proposes a new approach for predicting the probability models of the wintering habitat distribution of OHBs with the presence data derived from satellite tracking using logistic regression analysis coupled with RAMAS GIS. This spatial model was locally constructed from the data concerning Talaga Bodas and its surrounding areas and extrapolated for the entire West Java region. The best predicted probability model successfully characterized the distribution of the OHB wintering habitat using slope (25–40%), elevation (0–300 m and >1,000 m), and land cover (forest, paddy field, and water body). The extrapolation model generated potential areas of the wintering habitat distribution covering an area of 3013.13 km2 (8.11% of West Java). These areas were predominantly located outside the protected areas (94.04%). The modeling approach proposed herein may be used to study other migratory species that are tracked using satellite or other navigation technologies

POTENSI UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN WISATA “BIRDWATCHING” DI PUSAT KONSERVASI TUMBUHAN KEBUN RAYA BOGOR

Center for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanic Gardens of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PKT KRB - LIPI) is a favorite tourist destination with the annual visitors more than 800,000. The garden with various vegetation and excellent landscape is an ideal habitat for a diverse bird species. The bird research conducted through literature study, direct field observation and questionnaires were carried out between May and July 2013 to find out potentials of developing birdwatching tourism at PKT KRB - LIPI. This study showed that there were 48 bird species that belong to 23 families can be found in the area. Of those, 26 species that belong to 18 families can be observed from previous research until now. There were 10 species that have not been reported previously and there were nine species distributed through out the 12 sites at PKT KRB - LIPI. So far, there are at least 25 species that have a potential value for birdwatching based on tourist interest, conservation status, endemicity, and birds existence from time to time

Keanekaragaman Serangga Tanah di Tegakan Kenanga (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson) dengan Perlakuan Pemupukan

Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson) or ylang- ylang from the Annonaceae family is one of the forests. This study aimed to determine the diversity and abundance of soil surface insects in Kenanga (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson) stands that were treated with fertilization. The research procedure includes determining the location of observations, taking samples using the pitfall trap method, measuring environmental factors, identifying insects, and analyzing data. The total number of soil fauna in the pre-fertilized treatment was found to be 14 orders and 1421 individuals, while for the post-fertilized treatment was found to be 16 orders and 2108 individuals. In each plot, there was an increase in the number of individuals who it was given fertilizer treatment except for fertilizer treatment. The factor of increasing individual insects is not only from fertilizer application but also from micro-habitat factors, namely the amount of litter, undergrowth, temperature and humidity. The morphospecies that experienced the most significant increase in the number of individuals was Formicidae. A relatively high index of ant species diversity was found in the control plot. Keywords: Cananga odorata, biodiversity, fertilizer, insectsKenanga (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson) atau ylang- ylang dari famili Anonaceae merupakan salah satu tanaman kehutanan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan serangga permukaan tanah di tegakan Kenanga (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson) yang diberi perlakuan pemupukan. Prosedur penelitian mencakup tahapan penentuan lokasi pengamatan, pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode pitfall trap, pengukuran faktor lingkungan, identifikasi serangga dan analisis data. Jumlah total fauna tanah pada perlakuan sebelum dipupuk ditemukan sebanyak 14 ordo dan 1421 individu sedangkan untuk perlakuan sesudah dipupuk ditemukan sebanyak 16 ordo dan 2108 individu. Setiap plot terjadi penambahan jumlah individu ketika sudah diberi perlakuan pupuk kecuali pada perlakuan pupuk. Faktor bertambahnya individu serangga tidak hanya dari pemberian pupuk namun dari faktor mikrohabitat, yaitu banyaknya serasah, tumbuhan bawah, suhu dan kelembaban. Morfospesies yang mengalami penambahan jumlah individu paling signifikan yaitu formicidae. Indeks keanekaragaman spesies semut yang relatif tinggi ditemukan pada plot kontrol. Kata kunci: Cananga odorata, keanekaragaman hayati, pupuk, serangg